氢:用于重型任务的轻气体

不仅是私家车，还有公交车, 卡车, ships and planes are to run on some form of renewable energy rather than fossil fuels, we will need to find other alternatives because today's battery technology is simply not efficient enough.

"Electric power has traditionally been used largely for stationary purposes; for lighting and heating homes and offices or for industrial processes. If we want to replace liquid fuels from fossil sources in the transport sector, 十大靠谱网赌需要能随身携带的电力,Ulf Eriksen说, head of the Hydrogen unit in Statkraft's European Wind and Solar business area.

"Imagine a ship or truck that has to travel a long distance carrying a heavy cargo. It would need huge batteries and high-capacity fast chargers to able to compete with diesel. That's why we need energy carriers that are much lighter and can charge faster than today's batteries, and that's where hydrogen presents an interesting alternative. Trucks and ships can be tanked up with compressed hydrogen which, 在燃料电池的帮助下, 沿途能产生电力吗,埃里克森说.

绿色和蓝色氢

挑战在于这样一个事实, 尽管它是宇宙中最常见的元素, 氢在地球上不是自由存在的. 如果十大靠谱网赌需要氢, 十大靠谱网赌必须自己生产, either by electrolysing water or by separating it from natural gas. Hydrogen produces no greenhouse gas 排放 when burned, but the method used to produce it can determine how environmentally friendly it is.

“今天, 氢通常是从天然气中产生的, 主要是因为这是最便宜的方法. The drawback is that it not only produces hydrogen; it also leaves you with CO₂. 如果这种方法是可持续的, we need to produce 'blue hydrogen'; we must combine hydrogen production with carbon capture and carbon storage. We're not there yet, because this requires huge facilities and investments. And besides, producing blue hydrogen will always result in some CO₂ 排放. That's why in Statkraft we have more faith in 'green hydrogen', which is produced by using electricity from renewable energy,埃里克森说.

The drawback with electrolysis is that the process requires more electricity than what you can get out of a fuel cell.

"In practice, converting to hydrogen leaves us with two-thirds of the available energy. 新技术可以将这一比例提高到85%. 通过从氢转化, 你可以得到一半以上的电能, 但你也会得到相当多的热量. 如果十大靠谱网赌能设法利用这个过程中的热量, 例如, 集中供热, 这将显著提高燃料电池的效率,埃里克森说.

Since power is the most costly factor in green hydrogen production, it is an advantage to have a ready supply of cheap renewable electricity and the ability to produce hydrogen when electricity prices are at their lowest.

希望用可再生能源生产氢气

Statkraft's core business is the production of renewable energy from hydro, 风能和太阳能, but the company does not want to limit itself to being an energy supplier. 绿色转型带来了新的机遇.

"Decarbonising the transport sector will create a demand for renewable energy and new needs for transporting and storing electric power. Statkraft doesn't need to limit itself to supplying the raw materials; we can move closer to the end customer, 未来的大部分价值创造将发生在哪里. The transport sector is a market for renewable energy that can be very interesting for us,埃里克森说, and goes on to explain that Statkraft's plan is to produce hydrogen products – either alone or in partnership with others – and supply them as fuel to the heavy transport sector, as an energy resource for the building and construction sector, 作为工业的投入因素, 首先在挪威和瑞典.

"Hydrogen can also be used as an energy carrier and a 'battery' in the energy sector. Statkraft has already proposed power plants based on fuel cells as 斯瓦尔巴群岛的潜在解决方案 when coal mining operations in the island community are phased out.

对大型车辆的需求

One key premise for ensuring the competitiveness of Statkraft's hydrogen investment in 2025 is market growth. 这意味着更多的公共汽车和卡车可以使用氢燃料.

"Hydrogen buses have been developed through a number of EU support programmes, and will soon be the most competitive zero-排放 alternative. And their life-cycle costs are closing in on those for diesel buses. H2Bus欧洲联盟, 其中包括挪威氢能源公司Nel, already offers a competitive package solution for bus operators in Denmark, 拉脱维亚和英国. The consortium has plans for further expansion in Europe,埃里克森说.

"The pace of development work on hydrogen 卡车 is somewhat slower, but initiatives from Nikola in the US and Hyundai in Switzerland are beginning to push down the costs. Larger production volumes will also help push down the price of these vehicles to a competitive level. There will be a need for support schemes during the transition phase, 类似于为公共汽车设置的那些. Enova's new zero-排放 fund will make a positive contribution in this regard in 挪威.

根据Ulf Eriksen的说法, there is strong interest in zero-排放 transport among both public transport providers in the public sector and private transport companies, and the level of interest is intensified by further requirements to reduce 排放 by 2025 and 2030.

“现在有很多令人兴奋的事情正在发生, and Statkraft has every intention to play a part in moving that development forward,埃里克森说.